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#!/bin/sh
#---------------------------------------------
# xdg-open
#
# Utility script to open a URL in the registered default application.
#
# Refer to the usage() function below for usage.
#
# Copyright 2009-2010, Fathi Boudra <fabo@freedesktop.org>
# Copyright 2009-2010, Rex Dieter <rdieter@fedoraproject.org>
# Copyright 2006, Kevin Krammer <kevin.krammer@gmx.at>
# Copyright 2006, Jeremy White <jwhite@codeweavers.com>
#
# LICENSE:
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
# to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
# the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
# and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
# Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
# in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
# OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
# THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
# OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
# ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
# OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
#---------------------------------------------
manualpage()
{
cat << _MANUALPAGE
Name
xdg-open - opens a file or URL in the user's preferred application
Synopsis
xdg-open { file | URL }
xdg-open { --help | --manual | --version }
Description
xdg-open opens a file or URL in the user's preferred application. If a URL is
provided the URL will be opened in the user's preferred web browser. If a file
is provided the file will be opened in the preferred application for files of
that type. xdg-open supports file, ftp, http and https URLs.
xdg-open is for use inside a desktop session only. It is not recommended to use
xdg-open as root.
Options
--help
Show command synopsis.
--manual
Show this manual page.
--version
Show the xdg-utils version information.
Exit Codes
An exit code of 0 indicates success while a non-zero exit code indicates
failure. The following failure codes can be returned:
1
Error in command line syntax.
2
One of the files passed on the command line did not exist.
3
A required tool could not be found.
4
The action failed.
See Also
xdg-mime(1), xdg-settings(1), MIME applications associations specification
Examples
xdg-open 'http://www.freedesktop.org/'
Opens the freedesktop.org website in the user's default browser.
xdg-open /tmp/foobar.png
Opens the PNG image file /tmp/foobar.png in the user's default image viewing
application.
_MANUALPAGE
}
usage()
{
cat << _USAGE
xdg-open - opens a file or URL in the user's preferred application
Synopsis
xdg-open { file | URL }
xdg-open { --help | --manual | --version }
_USAGE
}
#@xdg-utils-common@
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Common utility functions included in all XDG wrapper scripts
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
DEBUG()
{
[ -z "${XDG_UTILS_DEBUG_LEVEL}" ] && return 0;
[ ${XDG_UTILS_DEBUG_LEVEL} -lt $1 ] && return 0;
shift
echo "$@" >&2
}
# This handles backslashes but not quote marks.
first_word()
{
read first rest
echo "$first"
}
#-------------------------------------------------------------
# map a binary to a .desktop file
binary_to_desktop_file()
{
search="${XDG_DATA_HOME:-$HOME/.local/share}:${XDG_DATA_DIRS:-/usr/local/share:/usr/share}"
binary="`which "$1"`"
binary="`readlink -f "$binary"`"
base="`basename "$binary"`"
IFS=:
for dir in $search; do
unset IFS
[ "$dir" ] || continue
[ -d "$dir/applications" ] || [ -d "$dir/applnk" ] || continue
for file in "$dir"/applications/*.desktop "$dir"/applications/*/*.desktop "$dir"/applnk/*.desktop "$dir"/applnk/*/*.desktop; do
[ -r "$file" ] || continue
# Check to make sure it's worth the processing.
grep -q "^Exec.*$base" "$file" || continue
# Make sure it's a visible desktop file (e.g. not "preferred-web-browser.desktop").
grep -Eq "^(NoDisplay|Hidden)=true" "$file" && continue
command="`grep -E "^Exec(\[[^]=]*])?=" "$file" | cut -d= -f 2- | first_word`"
command="`which "$command"`"
if [ x"`readlink -f "$command"`" = x"$binary" ]; then
# Fix any double slashes that got added path composition
echo "$file" | sed -e 's,//*,/,g'
return
fi
done
done
}
#-------------------------------------------------------------
# map a .desktop file to a binary
desktop_file_to_binary()
{
search="${XDG_DATA_HOME:-$HOME/.local/share}:${XDG_DATA_DIRS:-/usr/local/share:/usr/share}"
desktop="`basename "$1"`"
IFS=:
for dir in $search; do
unset IFS
[ "$dir" ] && [ -d "$dir/applications" ] || [ -d "$dir/applnk" ] || continue
# Check if desktop file contains -
if [ "${desktop#*-}" != "$desktop" ]; then
vendor=${desktop%-*}
app=${desktop#*-}
if [ -r $dir/applications/$vendor/$app ]; then
file_path=$dir/applications/$vendor/$app
elif [ -r $dir/applnk/$vendor/$app ]; then
file_path=$dir/applnk/$vendor/$app
fi
fi
if test -z "$file_path" ; then
for indir in "$dir"/applications/ "$dir"/applications/*/ "$dir"/applnk/ "$dir"/applnk/*/; do
file="$indir/$desktop"
if [ -r "$file" ]; then
file_path=$file
break
fi
done
fi
if [ -r "$file_path" ]; then
# Remove any arguments (%F, %f, %U, %u, etc.).
command="`grep -E "^Exec(\[[^]=]*])?=" "$file_path" | cut -d= -f 2- | first_word`"
command="`which "$command"`"
readlink -f "$command"
return
fi
done
}
#-------------------------------------------------------------
# Exit script on successfully completing the desired operation
exit_success()
{
if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
echo "$@"
echo
fi
exit 0
}
#-----------------------------------------
# Exit script on malformed arguments, not enough arguments
# or missing required option.
# prints usage information
exit_failure_syntax()
{
if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
echo "xdg-open: $@" >&2
echo "Try 'xdg-open --help' for more information." >&2
else
usage
echo "Use 'man xdg-open' or 'xdg-open --manual' for additional info."
fi
exit 1
}
#-------------------------------------------------------------
# Exit script on missing file specified on command line
exit_failure_file_missing()
{
if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
echo "xdg-open: $@" >&2
fi
exit 2
}
#-------------------------------------------------------------
# Exit script on failure to locate necessary tool applications
exit_failure_operation_impossible()
{
if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
echo "xdg-open: $@" >&2
fi
exit 3
}
#-------------------------------------------------------------
# Exit script on failure returned by a tool application
exit_failure_operation_failed()
{
if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
echo "xdg-open: $@" >&2
fi
exit 4
}
#------------------------------------------------------------
# Exit script on insufficient permission to read a specified file
exit_failure_file_permission_read()
{
if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
echo "xdg-open: $@" >&2
fi
exit 5
}
#------------------------------------------------------------
# Exit script on insufficient permission to write a specified file
exit_failure_file_permission_write()
{
if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then
echo "xdg-open: $@" >&2
fi
exit 6
}
check_input_file()
{
if [ ! -e "$1" ]; then
exit_failure_file_missing "file '$1' does not exist"
fi
if [ ! -r "$1" ]; then
exit_failure_file_permission_read "no permission to read file '$1'"
fi
}
check_vendor_prefix()
{
file_label="$2"
[ -n "$file_label" ] || file_label="filename"
file=`basename "$1"`
case "$file" in
[[:alpha:]]*-*)
return
;;
esac
echo "xdg-open: $file_label '$file' does not have a proper vendor prefix" >&2
echo 'A vendor prefix consists of alpha characters ([a-zA-Z]) and is terminated' >&2
echo 'with a dash ("-"). An example '"$file_label"' is '"'example-$file'" >&2
echo "Use --novendor to override or 'xdg-open --manual' for additional info." >&2
exit 1
}
check_output_file()
{
# if the file exists, check if it is writeable
# if it does not exists, check if we are allowed to write on the directory
if [ -e "$1" ]; then
if [ ! -w "$1" ]; then
exit_failure_file_permission_write "no permission to write to file '$1'"
fi
else
DIR=`dirname "$1"`
if [ ! -w "$DIR" ] || [ ! -x "$DIR" ]; then
exit_failure_file_permission_write "no permission to create file '$1'"
fi
fi
}
#----------------------------------------
# Checks for shared commands, e.g. --help
check_common_commands()
{
while [ $# -gt 0 ] ; do
parm="$1"
shift
case "$parm" in
--help)
usage
echo "Use 'man xdg-open' or 'xdg-open --manual' for additional info."
exit_success
;;
--manual)
manualpage
exit_success
;;
--version)
echo "xdg-open 1.1.2"
exit_success
;;
esac
done
}
check_common_commands "$@"
[ -z "${XDG_UTILS_DEBUG_LEVEL}" ] && unset XDG_UTILS_DEBUG_LEVEL;
if [ ${XDG_UTILS_DEBUG_LEVEL-0} -lt 1 ]; then
# Be silent
xdg_redirect_output=" > /dev/null 2> /dev/null"
else
# All output to stderr
xdg_redirect_output=" >&2"
fi
#--------------------------------------
# Checks for known desktop environments
# set variable DE to the desktop environments name, lowercase
detectDE()
{
# see https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=34164
unset GREP_OPTIONS
if [ -n "${XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP}" ]; then
case "${XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP}" in
# only recently added to menu-spec, pre-spec X- still in use
Cinnamon|X-Cinnamon)
DE=cinnamon;
;;
ENLIGHTENMENT)
DE=enlightenment;
;;
# GNOME, GNOME-Classic:GNOME, or GNOME-Flashback:GNOME
GNOME*)
DE=gnome;
;;
KDE)
DE=kde;
;;
LXDE)
DE=lxde;
;;
LXQt)
DE=lxqt;
;;
MATE)
DE=mate;
;;
XFCE)
DE=xfce
;;
X-Generic)
DE=generic
;;
esac
fi
if [ x"$DE" = x"" ]; then
# classic fallbacks
if [ x"$KDE_FULL_SESSION" != x"" ]; then DE=kde;
elif [ x"$GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" != x"" ]; then DE=gnome;
elif [ x"$MATE_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" != x"" ]; then DE=mate;
elif `dbus-send --print-reply --dest=org.freedesktop.DBus /org/freedesktop/DBus org.freedesktop.DBus.GetNameOwner string:org.gnome.SessionManager > /dev/null 2>&1` ; then DE=gnome;
elif xprop -root _DT_SAVE_MODE 2> /dev/null | grep ' = \"xfce4\"$' >/dev/null 2>&1; then DE=xfce;
elif xprop -root 2> /dev/null | grep -i '^xfce_desktop_window' >/dev/null 2>&1; then DE=xfce
elif echo $DESKTOP | grep -q '^Enlightenment'; then DE=enlightenment;
elif [ x"$LXQT_SESSION_CONFIG" != x"" ]; then DE=lxqt;
fi
fi
if [ x"$DE" = x"" ]; then
# fallback to checking $DESKTOP_SESSION
case "$DESKTOP_SESSION" in
gnome)
DE=gnome;
;;
LXDE|Lubuntu)
DE=lxde;
;;
MATE)
DE=mate;
;;
xfce|xfce4|'Xfce Session')
DE=xfce;
;;
esac
fi
if [ x"$DE" = x"" ]; then
# fallback to uname output for other platforms
case "$(uname 2>/dev/null)" in
CYGWIN*)
DE=cygwin;
;;
Darwin)
DE=darwin;
;;
esac
fi
if [ x"$DE" = x"gnome" ]; then
# gnome-default-applications-properties is only available in GNOME 2.x
# but not in GNOME 3.x
which gnome-default-applications-properties > /dev/null 2>&1 || DE="gnome3"
fi
if [ -f "$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/flatpak-info" ]; then
DE="flatpak"
fi
}
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# kfmclient exec/openURL can give bogus exit value in KDE <= 3.5.4
# It also always returns 1 in KDE 3.4 and earlier
# Simply return 0 in such case
kfmclient_fix_exit_code()
{
version=`LC_ALL=C.UTF-8 kde-config --version 2>/dev/null | grep '^KDE'`
major=`echo $version | sed 's/KDE.*: \([0-9]\).*/\1/'`
minor=`echo $version | sed 's/KDE.*: [0-9]*\.\([0-9]\).*/\1/'`
release=`echo $version | sed 's/KDE.*: [0-9]*\.[0-9]*\.\([0-9]\).*/\1/'`
test "$major" -gt 3 && return $1
test "$minor" -gt 5 && return $1
test "$release" -gt 4 && return $1
return 0
}
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Returns true if there is a graphical display attached.
has_display()
{
if [ -n "$DISPLAY" ] || [ -n "$WAYLAND_DISPLAY" ]; then
return 0
else
return 1
fi
}
# This handles backslashes but not quote marks.
last_word()
{
read first rest
echo "$rest"
}
# Get the value of a key in a desktop file's Desktop Entry group.
# Example: Use get_key foo.desktop Exec
# to get the values of the Exec= key for the Desktop Entry group.
get_key()
{
local file="${1}"
local key="${2}"
local desktop_entry=""
IFS_="${IFS}"
IFS=""
while read line
do
case "$line" in
"[Desktop Entry]")
desktop_entry="y"
;;
# Reset match flag for other groups
"["*)
desktop_entry=""
;;
"${key}="*)
# Only match Desktop Entry group
if [ -n "${desktop_entry}" ]
then
echo "${line}" | cut -d= -f 2-
fi
esac
done < "${file}"
IFS="${IFS_}"
}
# Returns true if argument is a file:// URL or path
is_file_url_or_path()
{
if echo "$1" | grep -q '^file://' \
|| ! echo "$1" | egrep -q '^[[:alpha:]+\.\-]+:'; then
return 0
else
return 1
fi
}
# If argument is a file URL, convert it to a (percent-decoded) path.
# If not, leave it as it is.
file_url_to_path()
{
local file="$1"
if echo "$file" | grep -q '^file:///'; then
file=${file#file://}
file=${file%%#*}
file=$(echo "$file" | sed -r 's/\?.*$//')
local printf=printf
if [ -x /usr/bin/printf ]; then
printf=/usr/bin/printf
fi
file=$($printf "$(echo "$file" | sed -e 's@%\([a-f0-9A-F]\{2\}\)@\\x\1@g')")
fi
echo "$file"
}
open_cygwin()
{
cygstart "$1"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
else
exit_failure_operation_failed
fi
}
open_darwin()
{
open "$1"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
else
exit_failure_operation_failed
fi
}
open_kde()
{
if [ -n "${KDE_SESSION_VERSION}" ]; then
case "${KDE_SESSION_VERSION}" in
4)
kde-open "$1"
;;
5)
kde-open${KDE_SESSION_VERSION} "$1"
;;
esac
else
kfmclient exec "$1"
kfmclient_fix_exit_code $?
fi
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
else
exit_failure_operation_failed
fi
}
open_gnome3()
{
if gio help open 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
gio open "$1"
elif gvfs-open --help 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
gvfs-open "$1"
else
open_generic "$1"
fi
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
else
exit_failure_operation_failed
fi
}
open_gnome()
{
if gio help open 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
gio open "$1"
elif gvfs-open --help 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
gvfs-open "$1"
elif gnome-open --help 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
gnome-open "$1"
else
open_generic "$1"
fi
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
else
exit_failure_operation_failed
fi
}
open_mate()
{
if gio help open 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
gio open "$1"
elif gvfs-open --help 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
gvfs-open "$1"
elif mate-open --help 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
mate-open "$1"
else
open_generic "$1"
fi
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
else
exit_failure_operation_failed
fi
}
open_xfce()
{
if exo-open --help 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
exo-open "$1"
elif gio help open 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
gio open "$1"
elif gvfs-open --help 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
gvfs-open "$1"
else
open_generic "$1"
fi
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
else
exit_failure_operation_failed
fi
}
open_enlightenment()
{
if enlightenment_open --help 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
enlightenment_open "$1"
else
open_generic "$1"
fi
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
else
exit_failure_operation_failed
fi
}
open_flatpak()
{
gdbus call --session \
--dest org.freedesktop.portal.Desktop \
--object-path /org/freedesktop/portal/desktop \
--method org.freedesktop.portal.OpenURI.OpenURI \
"" "$1" {}
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
else
exit_failure_operation_failed
fi
}
#-----------------------------------------
# Recursively search .desktop file
search_desktop_file()
{
local default="$1"
local dir="$2"
local target="$3"
local file=""
# look for both vendor-app.desktop, vendor/app.desktop
if [ -r "$dir/$default" ]; then
file="$dir/$default"
elif [ -r "$dir/`echo $default | sed -e 's|-|/|'`" ]; then
file="$dir/`echo $default | sed -e 's|-|/|'`"
fi
if [ -r "$file" ] ; then
command="$(get_key "${file}" "Exec" | first_word)"
command_exec=`which $command 2>/dev/null`
icon="$(get_key "${file}" "Icon")"
# FIXME: Actually LC_MESSAGES should be used as described in
# http://standards.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/latest/ar01s04.html
localised_name="$(get_key "${file}" "Name")"
set -- $(get_key "${file}" "Exec" | last_word)
# We need to replace any occurrence of "%f", "%F" and
# the like by the target file. We examine each
# argument and append the modified argument to the
# end then shift.
local args=$#
local replaced=0
while [ $args -gt 0 ]; do
case $1 in
%[c])
replaced=1
arg="${localised_name}"
shift
set -- "$@" "$arg"
;;
%[fFuU])
replaced=1
arg="$target"
shift
set -- "$@" "$arg"
;;
%[i])
replaced=1
shift
set -- "$@" "--icon" "$icon"
;;
*)
arg="$1"
shift
set -- "$@" "$arg"
;;
esac
args=$(( $args - 1 ))
done
[ $replaced -eq 1 ] || set -- "$@" "$target"
"$command_exec" "$@"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
fi
fi
for d in $dir/*/; do
[ -d "$d" ] && search_desktop_file "$default" "$d" "$target"
done
}
open_generic_xdg_mime()
{
filetype="$2"
default=`xdg-mime query default "$filetype"`
if [ -n "$default" ] ; then
xdg_user_dir="$XDG_DATA_HOME"
[ -n "$xdg_user_dir" ] || xdg_user_dir="$HOME/.local/share"
xdg_system_dirs="$XDG_DATA_DIRS"
[ -n "$xdg_system_dirs" ] || xdg_system_dirs=/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/
DEBUG 3 "$xdg_user_dir:$xdg_system_dirs"
for x in `echo "$xdg_user_dir:$xdg_system_dirs" | sed 's/:/ /g'`; do
search_desktop_file "$default" "$x/applications/" "$1"
done
fi
}
open_generic_xdg_file_mime()
{
filetype=`xdg-mime query filetype "$1" | sed "s/;.*//"`
open_generic_xdg_mime "$1" "$filetype"
}
open_generic_xdg_x_scheme_handler()
{
scheme="`echo $1 | sed -n 's/\(^[[:alnum:]+\.-]*\):.*$/\1/p'`"
if [ -n $scheme ]; then
filetype="x-scheme-handler/$scheme"
open_generic_xdg_mime "$1" "$filetype"
fi
}
open_envvar()
{
local url="$1"
local oldifs="$IFS"
local browser browser_with_arg
IFS=":"
for browser in $BROWSER; do
IFS="$oldifs"
if [ -z "$browser" ]; then
continue
fi
if echo "$browser" | grep -q %s; then
# Use loop to insert URL for avoid argument injection.
# See https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=103807
shift $#
for arg in $browser; do
set -- "$@" "$(printf -- "$arg" "$url")"
done
"$@"
else
$browser "$url"
fi
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
fi
done
}
open_generic()
{
if is_file_url_or_path "$1"; then
local file="$(file_url_to_path "$1")"
check_input_file "$file"
if has_display; then
filetype=`xdg-mime query filetype "$file" | sed "s/;.*//"`
open_generic_xdg_mime "$file" "$filetype"
fi
if which run-mailcap 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
run-mailcap --action=view "$file"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
fi
fi
if has_display && mimeopen -v 2>/dev/null 1>&2; then
mimeopen -L -n "$file"
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
fi
fi
fi
if has_display; then
open_generic_xdg_x_scheme_handler "$1"
fi
if [ -n "$BROWSER" ]; then
open_envvar "$1"
fi
# if BROWSER variable is not set, check some well known browsers instead
if [ x"$BROWSER" = x"" ]; then
BROWSER=www-browser:links2:elinks:links:lynx:w3m
if has_display; then
BROWSER=x-www-browser:firefox:iceweasel:seamonkey:mozilla:epiphany:konqueror:chromium:chromium-browser:google-chrome:$BROWSER
fi
fi
open_envvar "$1"
exit_failure_operation_impossible "no method available for opening '$1'"
}
open_lxde()
{
# pcmanfm only knows how to handle file:// urls and filepaths, it seems.
if is_file_url_or_path "$1"; then
local file="$(file_url_to_path "$1")"
# handle relative paths
if ! echo "$file" | grep -q ^/; then
file="$(pwd)/$file"
fi
pcmanfm "$file"
else
open_generic "$1"
fi
if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
exit_success
else
exit_failure_operation_failed
fi
}
open_lxqt()
{
open_generic "$1"
}
[ x"$1" != x"" ] || exit_failure_syntax
url=
while [ $# -gt 0 ] ; do
parm="$1"
shift
case "$parm" in
-*)
exit_failure_syntax "unexpected option '$parm'"
;;
*)
if [ -n "$url" ] ; then
exit_failure_syntax "unexpected argument '$parm'"
fi
url="$parm"
;;
esac
done
if [ -z "${url}" ] ; then
exit_failure_syntax "file or URL argument missing"
fi
detectDE
if [ x"$DE" = x"" ]; then
DE=generic
fi
DEBUG 2 "Selected DE $DE"
# sanitize BROWSER (avoid caling ourselves in particular)
case "${BROWSER}" in
*:"xdg-open"|"xdg-open":*)
BROWSER=$(echo $BROWSER | sed -e 's|:xdg-open||g' -e 's|xdg-open:||g')
;;
"xdg-open")
BROWSER=
;;
esac
case "$DE" in
kde)
open_kde "$url"
;;
gnome3|cinnamon)
open_gnome3 "$url"
;;
gnome)
open_gnome "$url"
;;
mate)
open_mate "$url"
;;
xfce)
open_xfce "$url"
;;
lxde)
open_lxde "$url"
;;
lxqt)
open_lxqt "$url"
;;
enlightenment)
open_enlightenment "$url"
;;
cygwin)
open_cygwin "$url"
;;
darwin)
open_darwin "$url"
;;
flatpak)
open_flatpak "$url"
;;
generic)
open_generic "$url"
;;
*)
exit_failure_operation_impossible "no method available for opening '$url'"
;;
esac
|