Linux ip-172-26-7-228 5.4.0-1103-aws #111~18.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Tue May 23 20:04:10 UTC 2023 x86_64
Your IP : 18.117.105.184
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
u"""Hyperlink provides Pythonic URL parsing, construction, and rendering.
Usage is straightforward::
>>> from hyperlink import URL
>>> url = URL.from_text(u'http://github.com/mahmoud/hyperlink?utm_source=docs')
>>> url.host
u'github.com'
>>> secure_url = url.replace(scheme=u'https')
>>> secure_url.get('utm_source')[0]
u'docs'
As seen here, the API revolves around the lightweight and immutable
:class:`URL` type, documented below.
"""
import re
import string
import socket
from unicodedata import normalize
try:
from socket import inet_pton
except ImportError:
# based on https://gist.github.com/nnemkin/4966028
# this code only applies on Windows Python 2.7
import ctypes
class _sockaddr(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = [("sa_family", ctypes.c_short),
("__pad1", ctypes.c_ushort),
("ipv4_addr", ctypes.c_byte * 4),
("ipv6_addr", ctypes.c_byte * 16),
("__pad2", ctypes.c_ulong)]
WSAStringToAddressA = ctypes.windll.ws2_32.WSAStringToAddressA
WSAAddressToStringA = ctypes.windll.ws2_32.WSAAddressToStringA
def inet_pton(address_family, ip_string):
addr = _sockaddr()
ip_string = ip_string.encode('ascii')
addr.sa_family = address_family
addr_size = ctypes.c_int(ctypes.sizeof(addr))
if WSAStringToAddressA(ip_string, address_family, None, ctypes.byref(addr), ctypes.byref(addr_size)) != 0:
raise socket.error(ctypes.FormatError())
if address_family == socket.AF_INET:
return ctypes.string_at(addr.ipv4_addr, 4)
if address_family == socket.AF_INET6:
return ctypes.string_at(addr.ipv6_addr, 16)
raise socket.error('unknown address family')
unicode = type(u'')
try:
unichr
except NameError:
unichr = chr # py3
NoneType = type(None)
# from boltons.typeutils
def make_sentinel(name='_MISSING', var_name=None):
"""Creates and returns a new **instance** of a new class, suitable for
usage as a "sentinel", a kind of singleton often used to indicate
a value is missing when ``None`` is a valid input.
Args:
name (str): Name of the Sentinel
var_name (str): Set this name to the name of the variable in
its respective module enable pickleability.
>>> make_sentinel(var_name='_MISSING')
_MISSING
The most common use cases here in boltons are as default values
for optional function arguments, partly because of its
less-confusing appearance in automatically generated
documentation. Sentinels also function well as placeholders in queues
and linked lists.
.. note::
By design, additional calls to ``make_sentinel`` with the same
values will not produce equivalent objects.
>>> make_sentinel('TEST') == make_sentinel('TEST')
False
>>> type(make_sentinel('TEST')) == type(make_sentinel('TEST'))
False
"""
class Sentinel(object):
def __init__(self):
self.name = name
self.var_name = var_name
def __repr__(self):
if self.var_name:
return self.var_name
return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)
if var_name:
def __reduce__(self):
return self.var_name
def __nonzero__(self):
return False
__bool__ = __nonzero__
return Sentinel()
_unspecified = _UNSET = make_sentinel('_UNSET')
# RFC 3986 Section 2.3, Unreserved URI Characters
# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.3
_UNRESERVED_CHARS = frozenset('~-._0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz')
# URL parsing regex (based on RFC 3986 Appendix B, with modifications)
_URL_RE = re.compile(r'^((?P<scheme>[^:/?#]+):)?'
r'((?P<_netloc_sep>//)'
r'(?P<authority>[^/?#]*))?'
r'(?P<path>[^?#]*)'
r'(\?(?P<query>[^#]*))?'
r'(#(?P<fragment>.*))?$')
_SCHEME_RE = re.compile(r'^[a-zA-Z0-9+-.]*$')
_AUTHORITY_RE = re.compile(r'^(?:(?P<userinfo>[^@/?#]*)@)?'
r'(?P<host>'
r'(?:\[(?P<ipv6_host>[^[\]/?#]*)\])'
r'|(?P<plain_host>[^:/?#[\]]*)'
r'|(?P<bad_host>.*?))?'
r'(?::(?P<port>.*))?$')
_HEX_CHAR_MAP = dict([((a + b).encode('ascii'),
unichr(int(a + b, 16)).encode('charmap'))
for a in string.hexdigits for b in string.hexdigits])
_ASCII_RE = re.compile('([\x00-\x7f]+)')
# RFC 3986 section 2.2, Reserved Characters
# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.2
_GEN_DELIMS = frozenset(u':/?#[]@')
_SUB_DELIMS = frozenset(u"!$&'()*+,;=")
_ALL_DELIMS = _GEN_DELIMS | _SUB_DELIMS
_USERINFO_SAFE = _UNRESERVED_CHARS | _SUB_DELIMS
_USERINFO_DELIMS = _ALL_DELIMS - _USERINFO_SAFE
_PATH_SAFE = _UNRESERVED_CHARS | _SUB_DELIMS | set(u':@%')
_PATH_DELIMS = _ALL_DELIMS - _PATH_SAFE
_SCHEMELESS_PATH_SAFE = _PATH_SAFE - set(':')
_SCHEMELESS_PATH_DELIMS = _ALL_DELIMS - _SCHEMELESS_PATH_SAFE
_FRAGMENT_SAFE = _UNRESERVED_CHARS | _PATH_SAFE | set(u'/?')
_FRAGMENT_DELIMS = _ALL_DELIMS - _FRAGMENT_SAFE
_QUERY_SAFE = _UNRESERVED_CHARS | _FRAGMENT_SAFE - set(u'&=+')
_QUERY_DELIMS = _ALL_DELIMS - _QUERY_SAFE
def _make_decode_map(delims, allow_percent=False):
ret = dict(_HEX_CHAR_MAP)
if not allow_percent:
delims = set(delims) | set([u'%'])
for delim in delims:
_hexord = '{0:02X}'.format(ord(delim)).encode('ascii')
_hexord_lower = _hexord.lower()
ret.pop(_hexord)
if _hexord != _hexord_lower:
ret.pop(_hexord_lower)
return ret
def _make_quote_map(safe_chars):
ret = {}
# v is included in the dict for py3 mostly, because bytestrings
# are iterables of ints, of course!
for i, v in zip(range(256), range(256)):
c = chr(v)
if c in safe_chars:
ret[c] = ret[v] = c
else:
ret[c] = ret[v] = '%{0:02X}'.format(i)
return ret
_USERINFO_PART_QUOTE_MAP = _make_quote_map(_USERINFO_SAFE)
_USERINFO_DECODE_MAP = _make_decode_map(_USERINFO_DELIMS)
_PATH_PART_QUOTE_MAP = _make_quote_map(_PATH_SAFE)
_SCHEMELESS_PATH_PART_QUOTE_MAP = _make_quote_map(_SCHEMELESS_PATH_SAFE)
_PATH_DECODE_MAP = _make_decode_map(_PATH_DELIMS)
_QUERY_PART_QUOTE_MAP = _make_quote_map(_QUERY_SAFE)
_QUERY_DECODE_MAP = _make_decode_map(_QUERY_DELIMS)
_FRAGMENT_QUOTE_MAP = _make_quote_map(_FRAGMENT_SAFE)
_FRAGMENT_DECODE_MAP = _make_decode_map(_FRAGMENT_DELIMS)
_UNRESERVED_DECODE_MAP = dict([(k, v) for k, v in _HEX_CHAR_MAP.items()
if v.decode('ascii', 'replace')
in _UNRESERVED_CHARS])
_ROOT_PATHS = frozenset(((), (u'',)))
def _encode_path_part(text, maximal=True):
"Percent-encode a single segment of a URL path."
if maximal:
bytestr = normalize('NFC', text).encode('utf8')
return u''.join([_PATH_PART_QUOTE_MAP[b] for b in bytestr])
return u''.join([_PATH_PART_QUOTE_MAP[t] if t in _PATH_DELIMS else t
for t in text])
def _encode_schemeless_path_part(text, maximal=True):
"""Percent-encode the first segment of a URL path for a URL without a
scheme specified.
"""
if maximal:
bytestr = normalize('NFC', text).encode('utf8')
return u''.join([_SCHEMELESS_PATH_PART_QUOTE_MAP[b] for b in bytestr])
return u''.join([_SCHEMELESS_PATH_PART_QUOTE_MAP[t]
if t in _SCHEMELESS_PATH_DELIMS else t for t in text])
def _encode_path_parts(text_parts, rooted=False, has_scheme=True,
has_authority=True, joined=True, maximal=True):
"""
Percent-encode a tuple of path parts into a complete path.
Setting *maximal* to False percent-encodes only the reserved
characters that are syntactically necessary for serialization,
preserving any IRI-style textual data.
Leaving *maximal* set to its default True percent-encodes
everything required to convert a portion of an IRI to a portion of
a URI.
RFC 3986 3.3:
If a URI contains an authority component, then the path component
must either be empty or begin with a slash ("/") character. If a URI
does not contain an authority component, then the path cannot begin
with two slash characters ("//"). In addition, a URI reference
(Section 4.1) may be a relative-path reference, in which case the
first path segment cannot contain a colon (":") character.
"""
if not text_parts:
return u'' if joined else text_parts
if rooted:
text_parts = (u'',) + text_parts
# elif has_authority and text_parts:
# raise Exception('see rfc above') # TODO: too late to fail like this?
encoded_parts = []
if has_scheme:
encoded_parts = [_encode_path_part(part, maximal=maximal)
if part else part for part in text_parts]
else:
encoded_parts = [_encode_schemeless_path_part(text_parts[0])]
encoded_parts.extend([_encode_path_part(part, maximal=maximal)
if part else part for part in text_parts[1:]])
if joined:
return u'/'.join(encoded_parts)
return tuple(encoded_parts)
def _encode_query_part(text, maximal=True):
"""
Percent-encode a single query string key or value.
"""
if maximal:
bytestr = normalize('NFC', text).encode('utf8')
return u''.join([_QUERY_PART_QUOTE_MAP[b] for b in bytestr])
return u''.join([_QUERY_PART_QUOTE_MAP[t] if t in _QUERY_DELIMS else t
for t in text])
def _encode_fragment_part(text, maximal=True):
"""Quote the fragment part of the URL. Fragments don't have
subdelimiters, so the whole URL fragment can be passed.
"""
if maximal:
bytestr = normalize('NFC', text).encode('utf8')
return u''.join([_FRAGMENT_QUOTE_MAP[b] for b in bytestr])
return u''.join([_FRAGMENT_QUOTE_MAP[t] if t in _FRAGMENT_DELIMS else t
for t in text])
def _encode_userinfo_part(text, maximal=True):
"""Quote special characters in either the username or password
section of the URL.
"""
if maximal:
bytestr = normalize('NFC', text).encode('utf8')
return u''.join([_USERINFO_PART_QUOTE_MAP[b] for b in bytestr])
return u''.join([_USERINFO_PART_QUOTE_MAP[t] if t in _USERINFO_DELIMS
else t for t in text])
# This port list painstakingly curated by hand searching through
# https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/uri-schemes.xhtml
# and
# https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml
SCHEME_PORT_MAP = {'acap': 674, 'afp': 548, 'dict': 2628, 'dns': 53,
'file': None, 'ftp': 21, 'git': 9418, 'gopher': 70,
'http': 80, 'https': 443, 'imap': 143, 'ipp': 631,
'ipps': 631, 'irc': 194, 'ircs': 6697, 'ldap': 389,
'ldaps': 636, 'mms': 1755, 'msrp': 2855, 'msrps': None,
'mtqp': 1038, 'nfs': 111, 'nntp': 119, 'nntps': 563,
'pop': 110, 'prospero': 1525, 'redis': 6379, 'rsync': 873,
'rtsp': 554, 'rtsps': 322, 'rtspu': 5005, 'sftp': 22,
'smb': 445, 'snmp': 161, 'ssh': 22, 'steam': None,
'svn': 3690, 'telnet': 23, 'ventrilo': 3784, 'vnc': 5900,
'wais': 210, 'ws': 80, 'wss': 443, 'xmpp': None}
# This list of schemes that don't use authorities is also from the link above.
NO_NETLOC_SCHEMES = set(['urn', 'about', 'bitcoin', 'blob', 'data', 'geo',
'magnet', 'mailto', 'news', 'pkcs11',
'sip', 'sips', 'tel'])
# As of Mar 11, 2017, there were 44 netloc schemes, and 13 non-netloc
def register_scheme(text, uses_netloc=True, default_port=None):
"""Registers new scheme information, resulting in correct port and
slash behavior from the URL object. There are dozens of standard
schemes preregistered, so this function is mostly meant for
proprietary internal customizations or stopgaps on missing
standards information. If a scheme seems to be missing, please
`file an issue`_!
Args:
text (unicode): Text representing the scheme.
(the 'http' in 'http://hatnote.com')
uses_netloc (bool): Does the scheme support specifying a
network host? For instance, "http" does, "mailto" does
not. Defaults to True.
default_port (int): The default port, if any, for netloc-using
schemes.
.. _file an issue: https://github.com/mahmoud/hyperlink/issues
"""
text = text.lower()
if default_port is not None:
try:
default_port = int(default_port)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
raise ValueError('default_port expected integer or None, not %r'
% (default_port,))
if uses_netloc is True:
SCHEME_PORT_MAP[text] = default_port
elif uses_netloc is False:
if default_port is not None:
raise ValueError('unexpected default port while specifying'
' non-netloc scheme: %r' % default_port)
NO_NETLOC_SCHEMES.add(text)
else:
raise ValueError('uses_netloc expected bool, not: %r' % uses_netloc)
return
def scheme_uses_netloc(scheme, default=None):
"""Whether or not a URL uses :code:`:` or :code:`://` to separate the
scheme from the rest of the URL depends on the scheme's own
standard definition. There is no way to infer this behavior
from other parts of the URL. A scheme either supports network
locations or it does not.
The URL type's approach to this is to check for explicitly
registered schemes, with common schemes like HTTP
preregistered. This is the same approach taken by
:mod:`urlparse`.
URL adds two additional heuristics if the scheme as a whole is
not registered. First, it attempts to check the subpart of the
scheme after the last ``+`` character. This adds intuitive
behavior for schemes like ``git+ssh``. Second, if a URL with
an unrecognized scheme is loaded, it will maintain the
separator it sees.
"""
if not scheme:
return False
scheme = scheme.lower()
if scheme in SCHEME_PORT_MAP:
return True
if scheme in NO_NETLOC_SCHEMES:
return False
if scheme.split('+')[-1] in SCHEME_PORT_MAP:
return True
return default
class URLParseError(ValueError):
"""Exception inheriting from :exc:`ValueError`, raised when failing to
parse a URL. Mostly raised on invalid ports and IPv6 addresses.
"""
pass
def _optional(argument, default):
if argument is _UNSET:
return default
else:
return argument
def _typecheck(name, value, *types):
"""
Check that the given *value* is one of the given *types*, or raise an
exception describing the problem using *name*.
"""
if not types:
raise ValueError('expected one or more types, maybe use _textcheck?')
if not isinstance(value, types):
raise TypeError("expected %s for %s, got %r"
% (" or ".join([t.__name__ for t in types]),
name, value))
return value
def _textcheck(name, value, delims=frozenset(), nullable=False):
if not isinstance(value, unicode):
if nullable and value is None:
return value # used by query string values
else:
str_name = "unicode" if bytes is str else "str"
exp = str_name + ' or NoneType' if nullable else str_name
raise TypeError('expected %s for %s, got %r' % (exp, name, value))
if delims and set(value) & set(delims): # TODO: test caching into regexes
raise ValueError('one or more reserved delimiters %s present in %s: %r'
% (''.join(delims), name, value))
return value
def _decode_unreserved(text, normalize_case=False):
return _percent_decode(text, normalize_case=normalize_case,
_decode_map=_UNRESERVED_DECODE_MAP)
def _decode_userinfo_part(text, normalize_case=False):
return _percent_decode(text, normalize_case=normalize_case,
_decode_map=_USERINFO_DECODE_MAP)
def _decode_path_part(text, normalize_case=False):
"""
>>> _decode_path_part(u'%61%77%2f%7a')
u'aw%2fz'
>>> _decode_path_part(u'%61%77%2f%7a', normalize_case=True)
u'aw%2Fz'
"""
return _percent_decode(text, normalize_case=normalize_case,
_decode_map=_PATH_DECODE_MAP)
def _decode_query_part(text, normalize_case=False):
return _percent_decode(text, normalize_case=normalize_case,
_decode_map=_QUERY_DECODE_MAP)
def _decode_fragment_part(text, normalize_case=False):
return _percent_decode(text, normalize_case=normalize_case,
_decode_map=_FRAGMENT_DECODE_MAP)
def _percent_decode(text, normalize_case=False, _decode_map=_HEX_CHAR_MAP):
"""Convert percent-encoded text characters to their normal,
human-readable equivalents.
All characters in the input text must be valid ASCII. All special
characters underlying the values in the percent-encoding must be
valid UTF-8. If a non-UTF8-valid string is passed, the original
text is returned with no changes applied.
Only called by field-tailored variants, e.g.,
:func:`_decode_path_part`, as every percent-encodable part of the
URL has characters which should not be percent decoded.
>>> _percent_decode(u'abc%20def')
u'abc def'
Args:
text (unicode): The ASCII text with percent-encoding present.
normalize_case (bool): Whether undecoded percent segments, such
as encoded delimiters, should be uppercased, per RFC 3986
Section 2.1. See :func:`_decode_path_part` for an example.
Returns:
unicode: The percent-decoded version of *text*, with UTF-8
decoding applied.
"""
try:
quoted_bytes = text.encode("ascii")
except UnicodeEncodeError:
return text
bits = quoted_bytes.split(b'%')
if len(bits) == 1:
return text
res = [bits[0]]
append = res.append
if not normalize_case:
for item in bits[1:]:
try:
append(_decode_map[item[:2]])
append(item[2:])
except KeyError:
append(b'%')
append(item)
else:
for item in bits[1:]:
try:
append(_decode_map[item[:2]])
append(item[2:])
except KeyError:
append(b'%')
if item[:2] in _HEX_CHAR_MAP:
append(item[:2].upper())
append(item[2:])
else:
append(item)
unquoted_bytes = b''.join(res)
try:
return unquoted_bytes.decode("utf-8")
except UnicodeDecodeError:
return text
def _resolve_dot_segments(path):
"""Normalize the URL path by resolving segments of '.' and '..'. For
more details, see `RFC 3986 section 5.2.4, Remove Dot Segments`_.
Args:
path (list): path segments in string form
Returns:
list: a new list of path segments with the '.' and '..' elements
removed and resolved.
.. _RFC 3986 section 5.2.4, Remove Dot Segments: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2.4
"""
segs = []
for seg in path:
if seg == u'.':
pass
elif seg == u'..':
if segs:
segs.pop()
else:
segs.append(seg)
if list(path[-1:]) in ([u'.'], [u'..']):
segs.append(u'')
return segs
def parse_host(host):
"""Parse the host into a tuple of ``(family, host)``, where family
is the appropriate :mod:`socket` module constant when the host is
an IP address. Family is ``None`` when the host is not an IP.
Will raise :class:`URLParseError` on invalid IPv6 constants.
Returns:
tuple: family (socket constant or None), host (string)
>>> parse_host('googlewebsite.com') == (None, 'googlewebsite.com')
True
>>> parse_host('::1') == (socket.AF_INET6, '::1')
True
>>> parse_host('192.168.1.1') == (socket.AF_INET, '192.168.1.1')
True
"""
if not host:
return None, u''
if u':' in host:
try:
inet_pton(socket.AF_INET6, host)
except socket.error as se:
raise URLParseError('invalid IPv6 host: %r (%r)' % (host, se))
except UnicodeEncodeError:
pass # TODO: this can't be a real host right?
else:
family = socket.AF_INET6
return family, host
try:
inet_pton(socket.AF_INET, host)
except (socket.error, UnicodeEncodeError):
family = None # not an IP
else:
family = socket.AF_INET
return family, host
class URL(object):
"""From blogs to billboards, URLs are so common, that it's easy to
overlook their complexity and power. With hyperlink's
:class:`URL` type, working with URLs doesn't have to be hard.
URLs are made of many parts. Most of these parts are officially
named in `RFC 3986`_ and this diagram may prove handy in identifying
them::
foo://user:pass@example.com:8042/over/there?name=ferret#nose
\_/ \_______/ \_________/ \__/\_________/ \_________/ \__/
| | | | | | |
scheme userinfo host port path query fragment
While :meth:`~URL.from_text` is used for parsing whole URLs, the
:class:`URL` constructor builds a URL from the individual
components, like so::
>>> from hyperlink import URL
>>> url = URL(scheme=u'https', host=u'example.com', path=[u'hello', u'world'])
>>> print(url.to_text())
https://example.com/hello/world
The constructor runs basic type checks. All strings are expected
to be decoded (:class:`unicode` in Python 2). All arguments are
optional, defaulting to appropriately empty values. A full list of
constructor arguments is below.
Args:
scheme (unicode): The text name of the scheme.
host (unicode): The host portion of the network location
port (int): The port part of the network location. If
``None`` or no port is passed, the port will default to
the default port of the scheme, if it is known. See the
``SCHEME_PORT_MAP`` and :func:`register_default_port`
for more info.
path (tuple): A tuple of strings representing the
slash-separated parts of the path.
query (tuple): The query parameters, as a tuple of
key-value pairs.
fragment (unicode): The fragment part of the URL.
rooted (bool): Whether or not the path begins with a slash.
userinfo (unicode): The username or colon-separated
username:password pair.
uses_netloc (bool): Indicates whether two slashes appear
between the scheme and the host (``http://eg.com`` vs
``mailto:e@g.com``). Set automatically based on scheme.
All of these parts are also exposed as read-only attributes of
URL instances, along with several useful methods.
.. _RFC 3986: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986
.. _RFC 3987: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3987
"""
def __init__(self, scheme=None, host=None, path=(), query=(), fragment=u'',
port=None, rooted=None, userinfo=u'', uses_netloc=None):
if host is not None and scheme is None:
scheme = u'http' # TODO: why
if port is None:
port = SCHEME_PORT_MAP.get(scheme)
if host and query and not path:
# per RFC 3986 6.2.3, "a URI that uses the generic syntax
# for authority with an empty path should be normalized to
# a path of '/'."
path = (u'',)
# Now that we're done detecting whether they were passed, we can set
# them to their defaults:
if scheme is None:
scheme = u''
if host is None:
host = u''
if rooted is None:
rooted = bool(host)
# Set attributes.
self._scheme = _textcheck("scheme", scheme)
if self._scheme:
if not _SCHEME_RE.match(self._scheme):
raise ValueError('invalid scheme: %r. Only alphanumeric, "+",'
' "-", and "." allowed. Did you meant to call'
' %s.from_text()?'
% (self._scheme, self.__class__.__name__))
_, self._host = parse_host(_textcheck('host', host, '/?#@'))
if isinstance(path, unicode):
raise TypeError("expected iterable of text for path, not: %r"
% (path,))
self._path = tuple((_textcheck("path segment", segment, '/?#')
for segment in path))
self._query = tuple(
(_textcheck("query parameter name", k, '&=#'),
_textcheck("query parameter value", v, '&#', nullable=True))
for (k, v) in query
)
self._fragment = _textcheck("fragment", fragment)
self._port = _typecheck("port", port, int, NoneType)
self._rooted = _typecheck("rooted", rooted, bool)
self._userinfo = _textcheck("userinfo", userinfo, '/?#@')
uses_netloc = scheme_uses_netloc(self._scheme, uses_netloc)
self._uses_netloc = _typecheck("uses_netloc",
uses_netloc, bool, NoneType)
return
@property
def scheme(self):
"""The scheme is a string, and the first part of an absolute URL, the
part before the first colon, and the part which defines the
semantics of the rest of the URL. Examples include "http",
"https", "ssh", "file", "mailto", and many others. See
:func:`~hyperlink.register_scheme()` for more info.
"""
return self._scheme
@property
def host(self):
"""The host is a string, and the second standard part of an absolute
URL. When present, a valid host must be a domain name, or an
IP (v4 or v6). It occurs before the first slash, or the second
colon, if a :attr:`~hyperlink.URL.port` is provided.
"""
return self._host
@property
def port(self):
"""The port is an integer that is commonly used in connecting to the
:attr:`host`, and almost never appears without it.
When not present in the original URL, this attribute defaults
to the scheme's default port. If the scheme's default port is
not known, and the port is not provided, this attribute will
be set to None.
>>> URL.from_text(u'http://example.com/pa/th').port
80
>>> URL.from_text(u'foo://example.com/pa/th').port
>>> URL.from_text(u'foo://example.com:8042/pa/th').port
8042
.. note::
Per the standard, when the port is the same as the schemes
default port, it will be omitted in the text URL.
"""
return self._port
@property
def path(self):
"""A tuple of strings, created by splitting the slash-separated
hierarchical path. Started by the first slash after the host,
terminated by a "?", which indicates the start of the
:attr:`~hyperlink.URL.query` string.
"""
return self._path
@property
def query(self):
"""Tuple of pairs, created by splitting the ampersand-separated
mapping of keys and optional values representing
non-hierarchical data used to identify the resource. Keys are
always strings. Values are strings when present, or None when
missing.
For more operations on the mapping, see
:meth:`~hyperlink.URL.get()`, :meth:`~hyperlink.URL.add()`,
:meth:`~hyperlink.URL.set()`, and
:meth:`~hyperlink.URL.delete()`.
"""
return self._query
@property
def fragment(self):
"""A string, the last part of the URL, indicated by the first "#"
after the :attr:`~hyperlink.URL.path` or
:attr:`~hyperlink.URL.query`. Enables indirect identification
of a secondary resource, like an anchor within an HTML page.
"""
return self._fragment
@property
def rooted(self):
"""Whether or not the path starts with a forward slash (``/``).
This is taken from the terminology in the BNF grammar,
specifically the "path-rootless", rule, since "absolute path"
and "absolute URI" are somewhat ambiguous. :attr:`path` does
not contain the implicit prefixed ``"/"`` since that is
somewhat awkward to work with.
"""
return self._rooted
@property
def userinfo(self):
"""The colon-separated string forming the username-password
combination.
"""
return self._userinfo
@property
def uses_netloc(self):
"""
"""
return self._uses_netloc
@property
def user(self):
"""
The user portion of :attr:`~hyperlink.URL.userinfo`.
"""
return self.userinfo.split(u':')[0]
def authority(self, with_password=False, **kw):
"""Compute and return the appropriate host/port/userinfo combination.
>>> url = URL.from_text(u'http://user:pass@localhost:8080/a/b?x=y')
>>> url.authority()
u'user:@localhost:8080'
>>> url.authority(with_password=True)
u'user:pass@localhost:8080'
Args:
with_password (bool): Whether the return value of this
method include the password in the URL, if it is
set. Defaults to False.
Returns:
str: The authority (network location and user information) portion
of the URL.
"""
# first, a bit of twisted compat
with_password = kw.pop('includeSecrets', with_password)
if kw:
raise TypeError('got unexpected keyword arguments: %r' % kw.keys())
host = self.host
if ':' in host:
hostport = ['[' + host + ']']
else:
hostport = [self.host]
if self.port != SCHEME_PORT_MAP.get(self.scheme):
hostport.append(unicode(self.port))
authority = []
if self.userinfo:
userinfo = self.userinfo
if not with_password and u":" in userinfo:
userinfo = userinfo[:userinfo.index(u":") + 1]
authority.append(userinfo)
authority.append(u":".join(hostport))
return u"@".join(authority)
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
return NotImplemented
for attr in ['scheme', 'userinfo', 'host', 'query',
'fragment', 'port', 'uses_netloc']:
if getattr(self, attr) != getattr(other, attr):
return False
if self.path == other.path or (self.path in _ROOT_PATHS
and other.path in _ROOT_PATHS):
return True
return False
def __ne__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
return NotImplemented
return not self.__eq__(other)
def __hash__(self):
return hash((self.__class__, self.scheme, self.userinfo, self.host,
self.path, self.query, self.fragment, self.port,
self.rooted, self.uses_netloc))
@property
def absolute(self):
"""Whether or not the URL is "absolute". Absolute URLs are complete
enough to resolve to a network resource without being relative
to a base URI.
>>> URL.from_text(u'http://wikipedia.org/').absolute
True
>>> URL.from_text(u'?a=b&c=d').absolute
False
Absolute URLs must have both a scheme and a host set.
"""
return bool(self.scheme and self.host)
def replace(self, scheme=_UNSET, host=_UNSET, path=_UNSET, query=_UNSET,
fragment=_UNSET, port=_UNSET, rooted=_UNSET, userinfo=_UNSET,
uses_netloc=_UNSET):
""":class:`URL` objects are immutable, which means that attributes
are designed to be set only once, at construction. Instead of
modifying an existing URL, one simply creates a copy with the
desired changes.
If any of the following arguments is omitted, it defaults to
the value on the current URL.
Args:
scheme (unicode): The text name of the scheme.
host (unicode): The host portion of the network location
port (int): The port part of the network location.
path (tuple): A tuple of strings representing the
slash-separated parts of the path.
query (tuple): The query parameters, as a tuple of
key-value pairs.
fragment (unicode): The fragment part of the URL.
rooted (bool): Whether or not the path begins with a slash.
userinfo (unicode): The username or colon-separated
username:password pair.
uses_netloc (bool): Indicates whether two slashes appear
between the scheme and the host (``http://eg.com`` vs
``mailto:e@g.com``)
Returns:
URL: a copy of the current :class:`URL`, with new values for
parameters passed.
"""
return self.__class__(
scheme=_optional(scheme, self.scheme),
host=_optional(host, self.host),
path=_optional(path, self.path),
query=_optional(query, self.query),
fragment=_optional(fragment, self.fragment),
port=_optional(port, self.port),
rooted=_optional(rooted, self.rooted),
userinfo=_optional(userinfo, self.userinfo),
uses_netloc=_optional(uses_netloc, self.uses_netloc)
)
@classmethod
def from_text(cls, text):
"""Whereas the :class:`URL` constructor is useful for constructing
URLs from parts, :meth:`~URL.from_text` supports parsing whole
URLs from their string form::
>>> URL.from_text(u'http://example.com')
URL.from_text(u'http://example.com')
>>> URL.from_text(u'?a=b&x=y')
URL.from_text(u'?a=b&x=y')
As you can see above, it's also used as the :func:`repr` of
:class:`URL` objects. The natural counterpart to
:func:`~URL.to_text()`. This method only accepts *text*, so be
sure to decode those bytestrings.
Args:
text (unicode): A valid URL string.
Returns:
URL: The structured object version of the parsed string.
.. note::
Somewhat unexpectedly, URLs are a far more permissive
format than most would assume. Many strings which don't
look like URLs are still valid URLs. As a result, this
method only raises :class:`URLParseError` on invalid port
and IPv6 values in the host portion of the URL.
"""
um = _URL_RE.match(_textcheck('text', text))
try:
gs = um.groupdict()
except AttributeError:
raise URLParseError('could not parse url: %r' % text)
au_text = gs['authority'] or u''
au_m = _AUTHORITY_RE.match(au_text)
try:
au_gs = au_m.groupdict()
except AttributeError:
raise URLParseError('invalid authority %r in url: %r'
% (au_text, text))
if au_gs['bad_host']:
raise URLParseError('invalid host %r in url: %r')
userinfo = au_gs['userinfo'] or u''
host = au_gs['ipv6_host'] or au_gs['plain_host']
port = au_gs['port']
if port is not None:
try:
port = int(port)
except ValueError:
if not port: # TODO: excessive?
raise URLParseError('port must not be empty: %r' % au_text)
raise URLParseError('expected integer for port, not %r' % port)
scheme = gs['scheme'] or u''
fragment = gs['fragment'] or u''
uses_netloc = bool(gs['_netloc_sep'])
if gs['path']:
path = gs['path'].split(u"/")
if not path[0]:
path.pop(0)
rooted = True
else:
rooted = False
else:
path = ()
rooted = bool(au_text)
if gs['query']:
query = ((qe.split(u"=", 1) if u'=' in qe else (qe, None))
for qe in gs['query'].split(u"&"))
else:
query = ()
return cls(scheme, host, path, query, fragment, port,
rooted, userinfo, uses_netloc)
def normalize(self, scheme=True, host=True, path=True, query=True,
fragment=True):
"""Return a new URL object with several standard normalizations
applied:
* Decode unreserved characters (`RFC 3986 2.3`_)
* Uppercase remaining percent-encoded octets (`RFC 3986 2.1`_)
* Convert scheme and host casing to lowercase (`RFC 3986 3.2.2`_)
* Resolve any "." and ".." references in the path (`RFC 3986 6.2.2.3`_)
* Ensure an ending slash on URLs with an empty path (`RFC 3986 6.2.3`_)
All are applied by default, but normalizations can be disabled
per-part by passing `False` for that part's corresponding
name.
Args:
scheme (bool): Convert the scheme to lowercase
host (bool): Convert the host to lowercase
path (bool): Normalize the path (see above for details)
query (bool): Normalize the query string
fragment (bool): Normalize the fragment
>>> url = URL.from_text(u'Http://example.COM/a/../b/./c%2f?%61')
>>> print(url.normalize().to_text())
http://example.com/b/c%2F?a
.. _RFC 3986 3.2.2: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2.2
.. _RFC 3986 2.3: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.3
.. _RFC 3986 2.1: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.1
.. _RFC 3986 6.2.2.3: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2.3
.. _RFC 3986 6.2.3: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.3
"""
# TODO: userinfo?
kw = {}
if scheme:
kw['scheme'] = self.scheme.lower()
if host:
kw['host'] = self.host.lower()
if path:
if self.path:
kw['path'] = [_decode_unreserved(p, normalize_case=True)
for p in _resolve_dot_segments(self.path)]
else:
kw['path'] = (u'',)
if query:
kw['query'] = [(_decode_unreserved(k, normalize_case=True),
_decode_unreserved(v, normalize_case=True)
if v else v) for k, v in self.query]
if fragment:
kw['fragment'] = _decode_unreserved(self.fragment,
normalize_case=True)
return self.replace(**kw)
def child(self, *segments):
"""Make a new :class:`URL` where the given path segments are a child
of this URL, preserving other parts of the URL, including the
query string and fragment.
For example::
>>> url = URL.from_text(u'http://localhost/a/b?x=y')
>>> child_url = url.child(u"c", u"d")
>>> child_url.to_text()
u'http://localhost/a/b/c/d?x=y'
Args:
segments (unicode): Additional parts to be joined and added to
the path, like :func:`os.path.join`. Special characters
in segments will be percent encoded.
Returns:
URL: A copy of the current URL with the extra path segments.
"""
segments = [_textcheck('path segment', s) for s in segments]
new_segs = _encode_path_parts(segments, joined=False, maximal=False)
new_path = self.path[:-1 if (self.path and self.path[-1] == u'')
else None] + new_segs
return self.replace(path=new_path)
def sibling(self, segment):
"""Make a new :class:`URL` with a single path segment that is a
sibling of this URL path.
Args:
segment (unicode): A single path segment.
Returns:
URL: A copy of the current URL with the last path segment
replaced by *segment*. Special characters such as
``/?#`` will be percent encoded.
"""
_textcheck('path segment', segment)
new_path = self.path[:-1] + (_encode_path_part(segment),)
return self.replace(path=new_path)
def click(self, href=u''):
"""Resolve the given URL relative to this URL.
The resulting URI should match what a web browser would
generate if you visited the current URL and clicked on *href*.
>>> url = URL.from_text(u'http://blog.hatnote.com/')
>>> url.click(u'/post/155074058790').to_text()
u'http://blog.hatnote.com/post/155074058790'
>>> url = URL.from_text(u'http://localhost/a/b/c/')
>>> url.click(u'../d/./e').to_text()
u'http://localhost/a/b/d/e'
Args:
href (unicode): A string representing a clicked URL.
Return:
URL: A copy of the current URL with navigation logic applied.
For more information, see `RFC 3986 section 5`_.
.. _RFC 3986 section 5: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5
"""
if href:
if isinstance(href, URL):
clicked = href
else:
# TODO: This error message is not completely accurate,
# as URL objects are now also valid, but Twisted's
# test suite (wrongly) relies on this exact message.
_textcheck('relative URL', href)
clicked = URL.from_text(href)
if clicked.absolute:
return clicked
else:
clicked = self
query = clicked.query
if clicked.scheme and not clicked.rooted:
# Schemes with relative paths are not well-defined. RFC 3986 calls
# them a "loophole in prior specifications" that should be avoided,
# or supported only for backwards compatibility.
raise NotImplementedError('absolute URI with rootless path: %r'
% (href,))
else:
if clicked.rooted:
path = clicked.path
elif clicked.path:
path = self.path[:-1] + clicked.path
else:
path = self.path
if not query:
query = self.query
return self.replace(scheme=clicked.scheme or self.scheme,
host=clicked.host or self.host,
port=clicked.port or self.port,
path=_resolve_dot_segments(path),
query=query,
fragment=clicked.fragment)
def to_uri(self):
u"""Make a new :class:`URL` instance with all non-ASCII characters
appropriately percent-encoded. This is useful to do in preparation
for sending a :class:`URL` over a network protocol.
For example::
>>> URL.from_text(u'https://→example.com/foo⇧bar/').to_uri()
URL.from_text(u'https://xn--example-dk9c.com/foo%E2%87%A7bar/')
Returns:
URL: A new instance with its path segments, query parameters, and
hostname encoded, so that they are all in the standard
US-ASCII range.
"""
new_userinfo = u':'.join([_encode_userinfo_part(p) for p in
self.userinfo.split(':', 1)])
new_path = _encode_path_parts(self.path, has_scheme=bool(self.scheme),
rooted=False, joined=False, maximal=True)
return self.replace(
userinfo=new_userinfo,
host=self.host.encode("idna").decode("ascii"),
path=new_path,
query=tuple([tuple(_encode_query_part(x, maximal=True)
if x is not None else None
for x in (k, v))
for k, v in self.query]),
fragment=_encode_fragment_part(self.fragment, maximal=True)
)
def to_iri(self):
u"""Make a new :class:`URL` instance with all but a few reserved
characters decoded into human-readable format.
Percent-encoded Unicode and IDNA-encoded hostnames are
decoded, like so::
>>> url = URL.from_text(u'https://xn--example-dk9c.com/foo%E2%87%A7bar/')
>>> print(url.to_iri().to_text())
https://→example.com/foo⇧bar/
.. note::
As a general Python issue, "narrow" (UCS-2) builds of
Python may not be able to fully decode certain URLs, and
the in those cases, this method will return a best-effort,
partially-decoded, URL which is still valid. This issue
does not affect any Python builds 3.4+.
Returns:
URL: A new instance with its path segments, query parameters, and
hostname decoded for display purposes.
"""
new_userinfo = u':'.join([_decode_userinfo_part(p) for p in
self.userinfo.split(':', 1)])
try:
asciiHost = self.host.encode("ascii")
except UnicodeEncodeError:
textHost = self.host
else:
try:
textHost = asciiHost.decode("idna")
except ValueError:
# only reached on "narrow" (UCS-2) Python builds <3.4, see #7
textHost = self.host
return self.replace(userinfo=new_userinfo,
host=textHost,
path=[_decode_path_part(segment)
for segment in self.path],
query=[tuple(_decode_query_part(x)
if x is not None else None
for x in (k, v))
for k, v in self.query],
fragment=_decode_fragment_part(self.fragment))
def to_text(self, with_password=False):
"""Render this URL to its textual representation.
By default, the URL text will *not* include a password, if one
is set. RFC 3986 considers using URLs to represent such
sensitive information as deprecated. Quoting from RFC 3986,
`section 3.2.1`:
"Applications should not render as clear text any data after the
first colon (":") character found within a userinfo subcomponent
unless the data after the colon is the empty string (indicating no
password)."
Args:
with_password (bool): Whether or not to include the
password in the URL text. Defaults to False.
Returns:
str: The serialized textual representation of this URL,
such as ``u"http://example.com/some/path?some=query"``.
The natural counterpart to :class:`URL.from_text()`.
.. _section 3.2.1: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2.1
"""
scheme = self.scheme
authority = self.authority(with_password)
path = _encode_path_parts(self.path,
rooted=self.rooted,
has_scheme=bool(scheme),
has_authority=bool(authority),
maximal=False)
query_string = u'&'.join(
u'='.join((_encode_query_part(x, maximal=False)
for x in ([k] if v is None else [k, v])))
for (k, v) in self.query)
fragment = self.fragment
parts = []
_add = parts.append
if scheme:
_add(scheme)
_add(':')
if authority:
_add('//')
_add(authority)
elif (scheme and path[:2] != '//' and self.uses_netloc):
_add('//')
if path:
if scheme and authority and path[:1] != '/':
_add('/') # relpaths with abs authorities auto get '/'
_add(path)
if query_string:
_add('?')
_add(query_string)
if fragment:
_add('#')
_add(fragment)
return u''.join(parts)
def __repr__(self):
"""Convert this URL to an representation that shows all of its
constituent parts, as well as being a valid argument to
:func:`eval`.
"""
return '%s.from_text(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.to_text())
# # Begin Twisted Compat Code
asURI = to_uri
asIRI = to_iri
@classmethod
def fromText(cls, s):
return cls.from_text(s)
def asText(self, includeSecrets=False):
return self.to_text(with_password=includeSecrets)
def __dir__(self):
try:
ret = object.__dir__(self)
except AttributeError:
# object.__dir__ == AttributeError # pdw for py2
ret = dir(self.__class__) + list(self.__dict__.keys())
ret = sorted(set(ret) - set(['fromText', 'asURI', 'asIRI', 'asText']))
return ret
# # End Twisted Compat Code
def add(self, name, value=None):
"""Make a new :class:`URL` instance with a given query argument,
*name*, added to it with the value *value*, like so::
>>> URL.from_text(u'https://example.com/?x=y').add(u'x')
URL.from_text(u'https://example.com/?x=y&x')
>>> URL.from_text(u'https://example.com/?x=y').add(u'x', u'z')
URL.from_text(u'https://example.com/?x=y&x=z')
Args:
name (unicode): The name of the query parameter to add. The
part before the ``=``.
value (unicode): The value of the query parameter to add. The
part after the ``=``. Defaults to ``None``, meaning no
value.
Returns:
URL: A new :class:`URL` instance with the parameter added.
"""
return self.replace(query=self.query + ((name, value),))
def set(self, name, value=None):
"""Make a new :class:`URL` instance with the query parameter *name*
set to *value*. All existing occurences, if any are replaced
by the single name-value pair.
>>> URL.from_text(u'https://example.com/?x=y').set(u'x')
URL.from_text(u'https://example.com/?x')
>>> URL.from_text(u'https://example.com/?x=y').set(u'x', u'z')
URL.from_text(u'https://example.com/?x=z')
Args:
name (unicode): The name of the query parameter to set. The
part before the ``=``.
value (unicode): The value of the query parameter to set. The
part after the ``=``. Defaults to ``None``, meaning no
value.
Returns:
URL: A new :class:`URL` instance with the parameter set.
"""
# Preserve the original position of the query key in the list
q = [(k, v) for (k, v) in self.query if k != name]
idx = next((i for (i, (k, v)) in enumerate(self.query)
if k == name), -1)
q[idx:idx] = [(name, value)]
return self.replace(query=q)
def get(self, name):
"""Get a list of values for the given query parameter, *name*::
>>> url = URL.from_text(u'?x=1&x=2')
>>> url.get('x')
[u'1', u'2']
>>> url.get('y')
[]
If the given *name* is not set, an empty list is returned. A
list is always returned, and this method raises no exceptions.
Args:
name (unicode): The name of the query parameter to get.
Returns:
list: A list of all the values associated with the key, in
string form.
"""
return [value for (key, value) in self.query if name == key]
def remove(self, name):
"""Make a new :class:`URL` instance with all occurrences of the query
parameter *name* removed. No exception is raised if the
parameter is not already set.
Args:
name (unicode): The name of the query parameter to remove.
Returns:
URL: A new :class:`URL` instance with the parameter removed.
"""
return self.replace(query=((k, v) for (k, v) in self.query
if k != name))
|